When discussing layers, it’s important to specify the context. This layer sends bitstreams over cables and switches, making it closely associated with the physical connection between devices.Ĭompared to the OSI model, the TCP/IP model only has 4 layers. Packets are broken down into frames, which are confined to a local area network. This layer allows data transfer between devices on the same network. It further breaks down segments or datagrams into smaller packets and finds the optimal route to the final destination using IP addresses. This layer enables data transfer between different networks. Key protocols in this layer are TCP and UDP, which we’ll discuss later. There is flow control in this layer to prevent congestion. It breaks data into segments at the sender’s side and reassembles them at the receiver’s. This layer handles end-to-end communication between the two devices. If the data size is large, the session layer sets a checkpoint to avoid resending from the beginning. This layer opens and closes the communications between two devices. For example, HTTPS leverages TLS (Transport Layer Security) for secure communications between clients and servers. This layer handles data encoding, encryption, and compression, preparing data for the application layer. Protocols in this layer include HTTP, SMTP, FTP, DNS, etc. We request data from a backend server without needing to understand data transmission specifics. The application layer is the closest to the end users.
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